-> Judaeo-Xtian versions: 7 cities incld city & Tower of Babel up to Heaven ("gateway") built by Nimrod a gibbor/mighty hunter/archer or Cush immed/shortly after flood (or at time of Eber/Hud, Peleg or Abram), tongues confused ("confusion").
-> Indian version: a grt tree grew upto heaven, angering Brahma, who cut off its branches and threw them down. From each branch grew a sep wata tree that gave humanity another sep lang. (Ref: B Walker.)
-> Indian: Tower of Shambhala (valley). Men built a fortress, then a city on white island in the Gobi sea? (A Tomas, P Kolosimo, [cp B Stewart].)
-> Hittite version: Ullikummi, let him ascend to heaven, tall as the sky, comparable with Atlas, like a tower. (Ref: Lehman, Larousse.)
-> Iranian version: Cai Caous reared a city & palace of grt splendor, garisoned by genii, endeavoured to take heaven by escalade, destroyed by angel of god; builds palaces on Mt Elbruz, pride, his ambition is to conquer the sky. Ecbatana. (Ref: G Massey, Larousse, Herodotus.)
-> Arab versions: [Musa/Soloman]/Sheddad ben Ad a mighty man builds Ad/Urem/city of pillars, destroyed by 2nd flood. Bab el-Mandeb catastrophe. Pharaoh/Haman builds lofty brick tower. (Ref: Brugsh-Bey, Cavendish, Acknowl: T Jantsang, Sadowsky, S Deyo/R Schmidt, Berlitz.)
-> Phoenician version: Baal builds palace after defeating Yamm. (Ref: Larousse.)
-> Babylonian version (Nebuchadnezzar): Birs-Nimrud Ziggurat of Nebo (god of writing) at Borsippa (tongue tower) near Babylon built by a former king 42 ages before Nebuchadnezar, etc. Hanging Gardens. (Ref: G Jeffries/eys, Readers Digest.)
-> Akkadian: "To their strong tower, in the night, a complete end he [Enlil] made In his anger, a command he also poured out: to scatter abroad was his decision He gave a command their counsels to confuse ... their course he stopped. (A Alford.)
-> Sumerian versions: "In those days the land Shubur (East), the place of plenty, of righteous decrees, Harmony-tongued Sumer (South), the great land of the "decrees of princeship," Uri (North), the land having all that is needful, The land Martu (West), resting in security, The whole universe, the people in unison, To Enlil in one tongue gave praise." (Acknowl: "Sharrukin".)
-> Sumerian Version: Ziggurats built to bring gods of heaven down. Temple of Nippur. (Acknowl: Scorpion/M Walker/J Campbell.)
-> Chinese versions: Chihyu aspired to position of Shangti/lord of high, corrupted humans to support his rebelion, lord established a barrier between Heaven & Earth. In middle or on edge of lake someone - "Yu most certainly" - built a tower. Pagodas.
-> Japan: Izanagi & Izanami built a great palace on the island of Onogorojima, (Flem-Ath).
-> Greek versions: Aloeidae gigantes Ephialtes & Otus stack Mt Pelion on Mt Ossa in order to climb to heavens. The Titan Atla(n)s son of Libya, (upholder of vault of heaven,) invented theory of the spheres, studied the stars from/and built shrine/temple in patttern of the spheres. (Ref: C Cook/Pears.)
-> Rome: built on top of older Janicula/Janiculum & Saturnia [Golden Age] 2 cities on either side of the flood [Enoch & Babel]. (A Hislop.)
-> Sci Fi version: Star Gate [name Celtic], 7/8 chevrons. (Acknowl: TV, Up Hutt scifi club.)
-> Egypt: Grt Pyr missing cap stone? King's son of Cush.
-> Egypt/Arab/Grk/Josephus: Surid built 2 pyrs before flood. 1st Thoth/Hermes set up 2 columns in Siriadic land before flood, one of brick & one of stone to survive fire or flood [pre-flood Enoch/Janiculum & post-flood Babel/Saturnia].
-> Tanzanian version: An ancient king built a tower of Iron into the heavens, tumbled down - "rust". (Acknowl: P Schmidt/Miami Herald/Jack Wheat.)
-> African vers: an old woman accidentally strikes the high god on his foot with her pestal, causing him to retreat back into the heavens, separating the link between heaven and earth forever. The old woman gathers her children about her, and together, they build a high tower constructed entirely of pestles (ironically the very thing that severed heaven from earth in the first place). The tower was almost complete. All that was needed was a single pestle to reach the gates of heaven, but not a single pestle remained in the whole land, all had been used up, and so the tower remained incomplete. Then the old woman had a bright idea, and ordered the the bottom pestle be removed so it could be placed on the top, and of course, the towers collapsed, proving once and for all that mankind, is incapable of ever reaching heaven (Acknowl: comparative-religion.com, cotterell).
-> Yoruba: 1st/4th king Shango (ldr of grt ferocity) lived in a palace of brass.
-> Rwanda: strife between sons of Kazikamuntu accts for dispersal of men into diff tribes, (Cotterell).
-> Kabyle, Algeria: Achimi came to village built by the 1st men (Cotterell).
-> Maori version: Whare (house) in middle of fished-up fishe's back.
-> Samoan version: A man set himself to build a hse of grt stones, to last forever, but he couldn't get it finished the sun went rnd so fast, at last the "Itu or Atua" caused creeper to grow, with this the man made noose caught sun, then he built the house. People of the tree were scattered. (Refs: G Massey, A Cotterell.)
-> [British Columbia?] version: [flimsy structure to sky people?] (Ref: Mysteries book.)
-> Nth Amer: "The beasts who up to this time had spoken but one language, could no longer understand each other, and in confusion fled away ...." (Ref: L Spence.)
-> Mesoamerican versions: Votan builds tower after flood. Family of giants near Puebla built pyramid, height almost 180 feet, presumption offended gods who sent fire (fiery rain) from heaven on pyramid. The giant Xelhua (who escaped fl by going to top of mtn) builds huge tower (step pyr/zacauli at Cholula) designed to reach sky after flood. (Ref: Fitzgerald-Lee, RA Anderson, P Kolosimo, Popul Vuh.)
-> Sth Amer vers: The Chamacoco tried to climb into the sky up a huge tree. (Refs: Pears, Z Sitchin.)
-> Aymara: after the great flood strangers attempted to build a great city on the lake at Titicaca. (Flem-Ath.)
Where it says God came down to see the Tower, the Hebrew case/sense is humourous.
Cro-Magnons were hunters and "giants" like Nimrod, (compare: Sumerians were (Combe-)Capelid).
Possibility that the vitrified remains of tower of Babel are contemp/synchronous with the floor of fused glass bottom of all strata of Mesopotamian archaeological mine shafts?
Possible name connections I came up with for Nimrod/Nebrod are: Namri (a people/place around those parts in Assyrian times), Narmer (1st king united Egypt), Nimirud ([Ningishzida &/or Ningirsu]), Enmerkar (1st king of 1st Uruk dynasty), Mt Nimush (or Nisir, landing place of Baylonian ark), Nor Mard (Armenian), [mt Nemrut], or Nabiru (epithet Marduk).
Hunters/(Archers):
- Biblical version: Nimrod mighty hunter (of men/wild animals, against Lord)/[archer].
- Naram-sin bull horned helmet, bow.
- Geb.
- Saggitarius. Orion.
- Ull. Odin's/wild hunt/host.
- Herne the Hunter. Herla.
- Cro-Magnon.
- Moa hunters.
Shin(e)ar/Shin(g)ar:
S(h)umer/Sumer(ia); Dzungaria; C(h)inar; Jebel Sinjar (Yezidis); Shangrila; Senjirli (Samal); Senir (Hermon/Anti-Lebanon); [Senkereh] (Egypt); ... (Al Jazirah);
Where:
According to our/my associate's research, most accounts as to the location of the fabled Tower of Babel have placed it in Babylon (Babylonia is now the south of Iraq), or in nearby Borsippa. A more recent popular theory reckons Eridu/Nunki to be the site. However some say it is not known by any one where the T o B was, &/or we think there are conflicting reports that place the tower near the fabled mountain(s) of Ararat (Nakhicevan/Medzamon), which is plausible since this is near the legendary resting place of the great ark of Noah?
(Inter-connections):
(1.) Babel/Babylon:
The reason for this of course is that Babel is referred to as Babylon throughout the Bible, such as being near Borsippa, except when discussed allegorically as second Babylon (Rome).
David Down says Babylon ziggurat is the largest one in Babylonia.
The name Babel or Babylon according to us/my assoc seems similiar to the name Byblos (bible/papyrus; tho more correctly Gebal).
Babylon was supposed to have been built by the god Marduk. Babylon was depicted at the center of the known world in ancient clay maps. The Babel name and catastrophe seem similar to the Bab-el-Mandeb name and catastrophe of Arab myth. Rohl places the original Babel / Nunki as being at Eridu and not Babylon.
Now according to us/my co-author his theory is that Babel which was after the great flood, was the equivalent of Enoch city before the flood. Why? one reason is because the Book of Enoch has Babel before the flood.
Some believe that Babel, or Babylon (and the Hanging gardens), is located on the site of Eden spoken of in the Bible.
(2.) Borsippa:
Borsippa according to us certainly cannot be ruled out as a good possible location for The Tower of Babel, because of (a) the name given to the nearby city of Babylon, (b) the meaning of “Tongue Tower”, (c) the name Birs-Nimrud, (d) Nebuchadnezzar‘s inscription statement, and (e) the vitrification traces.
The names of Sippar and Borsippa may/not be related.
(3.) Eridu/Urdu:
Eridu’s name is thought to be connected with the preflood city of Irad or Jared. Eridu is pictured as the center of world in one myth. However the researcher L A Waddell dubiously claims, that there was an older Eridu/Urda at Carchemish.
There was a counterpart of Eridu (&/or the Erythrean sea) in the west as the Erythrea city in Spain (&/or the Atlantic being called the Eythrean sea in ancient times). Eridu may or may not be connected with the names Urartu, Ararat, Aratta, (Akkad was called Urdhu & Euphrates river was called Urudtuv (compare Eridanus / Jordan).)
My associate goes on to say that he thinks there was an Edin at / by or near Eridu [~Nod?], (~ the one faught over by Lagas & Umma?). Eridu was built on apsu by Ea.
The names Eridu, Uruk, etc are thought by some to share the same root/element/syllable. Rohl reckons that the original Babel / Nunki was actually Eridu not Babylon.
The lake/sea/river that the anc Tower of Babel was built near or beside in some acounts may in fact be the Persian Gulf.
(4.) Nunki // Unuk:
My co-author says he has a theory that Babel was after the flood, and is the equivalent to Enoch city before the flood, the book of Enoch suggesting that Babel was before the flood; Then he goes on to say that Nunki resembles Unuk / Enoch.
Just like Janicula / Janiculum vaguely resembles Enoch. But Erech / Uruk is usually supposed to be Enoch//Unuk. There are claims made by Rohl as to Babel / Nunki really being Eridu and not Babylon.
In Genesis there are 2 separate accounts mentioning Babel, one in ch 10 and other one in ch 11, which everyone rightly or wrongly assumes are refering to the same thing. Tho there is a vague possibilty that the 2 genesis accounts not necessarily even be connected?
The seeming correspondence of the genesis 11 account city names Babel, Erech & Accad (+ Shinar) with the city names of Babylon, Uruk and Agade/Akkad (+ Shumer) in anc Babylonia would seem to bind/tie the location(s) to this region.
(1.) Babel/Babylon: see above.
(2.) Erech/Uruk:
Post flood Erech is supposed to be the same as pre-flood Enoch.
My assoc goes on to say that he thinks source/s say that classical Haran or Edessa / Urfa was also called Orchoe.
The land of Accadia was Uri-ki in Sumerian, which is perhaps the origin of modern day Iraq, rather than it being from Uruk / Erech.
The names Eridu, Uruk, etc are thought by some to share the same root or syllable or element.
(3.) Agade/Accad/Akkad:
The actual location of the ancient city of Akkad is uncertain to say the least, and according to my assoc still remains a mystery to this day, a mystery that is even being debated as we speak. However from what other researchers have indicated from their research they feel that like myself, that the city of Akkad was possibly Sippar, or rather the twin half of the city located on the opposite side of the river (Sepharva-im plural/dual).
Tho when compared to modern cities of today, Agade/Akkad could be Baghdad (Pekod?), although orthodox etymology of the latter may suggest that this is not true. The land of Accadia was Uri-ki in ancient Sumerian.
Now the four cities of Nimrod in Shinar, may possibly match five cities said to exist before the flood given in some text as Nunki/Eridu, Sippar, Shurupak, Larak, and Badtabira, (also compare with 4 Rivers of Eden).
(1.) Nunki: see above.
(2.) Eridu: see above.
(3.) Sippar:
My associate goes on to say that he thinks that some authors claim that akkad city was Sippar, or the half / twin located on the other side of the river (Sepharvaim). Names of Sippar and Borsippa may/not be connected.
The seven or eight cities (depending on interpretation or translation) of Nimrod in seem to match the seven cities found in other myths, and apparently compare with/to the 7 hills of Rome, the seven sages, the seven Cainite gens, the 7 stage ziggurats, and/or the eight kings in power before the great flood of Sum k lists.
Nimrod is corresponded by some to any/all of:
Enmerkar/Gilgamesh (Uruk), Sargon (Akkad), Hammurabi (Babylon); Asshur/Ashur/Assur (Assyria); Ninus (Nineveh).
The 4 or 3 (dep on bib transl) cities of Assyria are disputed whether built by Nimrod or Asshur depending on bibl translation.
(1) Resen:
May perhaps be the city of Larissa said to have been built by Nimrod?
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