(a) the orthodox date of 19th or 18th dyn; and/or
(b) the most popular alternative date of Velikovsky/Rohl of the 13th (or 12th?) dyn.
The extant ancient scholars dates for the exodus are:
- Manetho's of 18th dyn (Tethmosis) and/or of 19th dyn (Amenophis/Ethiopia/Osarsiph/Heliopolis);
- Cheremon's of 19th dyn (Amenophis/Phritiphantes/(Isis)/Tisithen/Peteseph);
- Lysimachus'/Tacitus' of [23/24/25] dyn (Bocchoris);
- Artapanus of ? dyn (Memphite/Chenephres/Palmanothes);
- Jashar of ? dyn (Melol/Adikam);
- Polemo of ? dyn (Apis son of Pharonaeus);
- Koran of ? dyn (Haman); and
- Josephus' of ? dyn (Thermuthis/Tharbis/Ethiopia).
(Refs: Josephus, [Massey, Fitzgerald-Lee].)
Chenephres:
- The (?corrupt/mixed) classical/church fathers tradition (of Artapanus) that associates [an] exodus with a king Chenephres says he was Memphite (dyns (1 &) 3-8);
- Rohl mis-equates him with 13th dyn (Sec Int Per, Thebes/Itj-tawy);
- There were kings called Chenephres in 5th, 6th and 7th/8th (Memphite) dyns (Carpenter, Bey);
- A another kig of 9th dyn was Kaneferre (a famine in his reign);
- a 6th dyn pyramid name Kha-nefer;
- a place Kanefer in Sinuhe story (Amenemhat, Mercatante);
- Pyramid of Amenemhet 1 called Ka-nefer (Bey);
- Memphis was also/alt called Kha-nefer (Bey);
- (some would add Chephren).
Various traditions (either genuine/accurate or corrupt/mixed) reackon that Pharaoh's daughter, Moses' adopted mother (found Moses) was called Merr(his) or Thematis or Bathia/Bithiah (cf 1 Chron 4:17); and that Moses' Ethiopian wife was called Tharvis/Adonaih?
Ancient scholars variously claimed Moses was connected with Osarsiph of Heliopolis, Tisithen, Thoth. (Freud ([Osman or Salibi]) identified Moses with (a follower of) Akhenaten.)
Osarsiph:
- The corrupt/composite tradition identifies Moses in nature with Osarsiph;
- Osar-siph is said to compare with Jo-seph in name;
- Osarsiph story corresponds in nature with that of A(a)r(u)su/Irsu of inscriptions about 19th-20th dyn, (name "a corruption of");
- Osarsiph may be Se-Osiris?
The modern 19th dyn theory was based in partly on the name Ramses, and on the traditional exodus of Amenophis (Merneptah). The mention of name Israel in Palestine on Merneptah stele is one known problem with this theory/dating.
If Raamses is Pi-Ramses-Meri-Amun (anachronism) then why didn't they include the Pi- since they did with Pithom (and also with Pathros/Atur-res and perhaps Buto/Put)? (also Rameses spelt different, plus also "land of" not just city.)
There are pharaohs/persons with name Ramses before 19th dyn in some other ancient/mediaeval/modern king lists published by Herman Hoeh. (Compare Remus (Rome), Rimush (Akkad).)
3/4 proposed etymologies/derivations of name Moses:
Hebrew moseh/masah "to draw out";
Egyptian msw "to be born", mesu "child, son";
Egyptian mou "water" + eses/uses "(those who are) saved (from)";
(Sumerian mus "serpent").
Wehem-meswet (12th dyn), Mer-mesha (13th dyn), Dudimose (13 dyn), Ka-mose (17 dyn), Ah-mose (18th dyn), Tuth-mosis (18 dyn), Ra-mose (18 dyn?), Sagaz-mesh (18 dyn), Ra-messes (19th-20th dyns), Amen-messes (19 dyn), (Ptah-)Messu (19 dyn), Pa-ra-messu (19 dyn?).
[The DSS and] Psalm 78:43 mention Tanis in connection with Hebrews in Egypt (compare Jashar).
Some Xtian scholars believe the Pharaoh of Exodus was an Assyrian quoting some biblical verse(s) some where.
The new king that didn't know Joseph could be a new/different period or dynasty or "race" (Horus/Set) or capital/origin.
Could the 80 yrs Horus vs Set poss be related to the 80 yrs of Moses in exodus 1-14?
Also/alt, king Pepy/Phiops (6th) dynasty was a centenarian like Joseph & Moses.
melol/adikam ("bk of Jashar") & pepy (6th dyn) have in common 94 yrs, dwarf/pygmy, (tanis?)
The new king that didn't know Joseph/the Pharaoh of the massacre of babies could have reigned anywhere between ca 40 yrs ("after Moses was grown") upto 80 yrs (poss (not) longer?) The pharaoh drowned in red sea could have reigned anywhere between 1/(0) yr(s) upto ca 40 yrs.
In Exodus the Hebrews slaves made bricks (not stones). In Egyptian history brick buildings/monuments were particularly prevalent/prolific in the [1st intmed per to] mid kdm per (see P Clayton, Bey).
If Goshen/Ramses/Pithom were in ne/lower Egypt as most commonly held then Moses can only have been in dyns 1, 3-8 or (12-)14-16. However this is only if one only goes by the royal capitals/centers/homes of the dynasties and not all the other cities/sites assoc with them. Baby Moses' hidding/(birth?) place must have been near pharaoh's daughter's palace, otherwise it would be like princess of Buckingham palace finding a baby in the river Trent.
No Nile river crossing mentioned in exodus.
Mention of "12 wells" or "reservior of 12 perches in a wood" in 11th dyn might be the "12 springs" (& 70 palms) of Elim of exodus?
Judaeo-Xtian vers: Moses parts/Israel crosses Red Sea (is said other countries heard of it).
Phoenician vers: Baal versus Yamm (&/or = Flood).
Egyptian vers: [Typhon in Serbonis (Arish).] The magician Zazamankh parted lake/placed one half on other. (Compare Achthoes eaten (&/or Menes devoured) by a crocodile???)
Candidates for pharaoh perished in Red sea incld:
- Mentuhotep 3, tomb/sarcophagus never found.
- Cheops empty "sarcophagus" (grt pyr) [but prob underneath pyr (Herodotus), or overseas?]
- No mummy or coffin has been found for the last Pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty, Koncharis.
- Amenemhet 4 no definately ascribed/known burial/pyramid.
- "Sesostris' mummy never found. (His grave had been ranscaked)" (I Lissner.)
Some believe the Ipuwer Papyrus parallels the 10 plagues, and/or the Sinaitic inscriptions parallel verses of exodus wanderings.
The story of Sinuhe is similar to flight of Moses, and name like Sinai?
The tale of 2 brothers Anpu vs Bata has similarity to Moses slaying the Egyptian.
"Bedstead" of giant Og of Bashan = megalithic.
Amorite Bashan poss equals Amorite Jebel Bishri (compare king Labasher of Uruk 1)?
Could "the haq of the land of Abesha/Abishai/Abushar" (Aamu) of the well-known Khnumhotep pictures be related to Og of Bashan (Amorite)? [Other candidates for Abishai/Abushar are Abisare of Larsa, Abieshu of Babylon 1.]
The slaying of the *"chosen"* or "1st born" parallels Pharaoh's slaying of children of Israel.
Candidates for slain 1st born of Pharaoh might be:
- Amenemhet 4 presumed died prematurely. Dyn 12 ends with Queen.
(Perhaps compare "who has overcome death" of Khnumhotep inscription?)
Exodus was a flight as opposed to (Hyksos) expulsion.
Judaeo-Xtian versions: Pharaoh slaughters male babies (Moses). Herod slaughter of innocents (Jesus).
Greek version: Kronos swallows children (Zeus).
At Kahun were found wooden boxes containing babies, under floors of houses (ref F Petrie/D Down). [Tho Exodus says babies were thrown into Nile river. Perhaps were fed to crocodiles hence Sobek of 12th dyn?]
Judaeo-Xtian version: Moses saved from water (Nile).
-> Roman: Romulus & Remus saved from water (Tiber) (Pears/Cook).
-> Akkadian: Sargon 1 saved from water (Hancock).
-> Egypt: Hancock sees parallel with rescue of Osiris coffin from water.
Moses lawgiver/laws similar to Hammurabi lawgiver/laws.
Judaeo-Xtian Moses lawgiver.
Babylonian Hammurabi lawgiver.
Greek/Cretan Minos lawgiver. Draco lawgiver. Lycurgus lawgiver.
Egyptian: Menes 1st lawgiver (Brugsch-Bey).
Indian code of Manu.
Could the "stor(ag)e/treasure places/cities" (Raamses, Pithom) of Exodus 1 be connected with the Labyrinth near lake Moeris? (Tho Herodotus also alt mentions treasury of Rhampsinitis.)
(Kahun was "suddenly abandoned".)
Pectoral of queen Mereret (Amenemhet 3) possibly seems to show slave workers?
Pi-thom (Pi-Tum/Pa-Tmu &/or Per-Atum) could be from either:
- a Pharaoh (Tawi-Thom ("Typhon"), Amun-timaeus, Thamus, Teutamus, Tutimaeus/Timaus, Dudimose, etc); or
- the god Atum; or
- tham/thomas "two/twin/demi", compare Egyptian taui (cognate with English) "two" as in Itj-tawi, Tawi-Thom, Ros-tau, etc.
(Pithom similar to P-ium/Faiyum tho almost certainly not same.)
Pithom is probably the "Arabian" town Patumus between Bubastis and Red sea mentioned in Herodotus. (Lower Egypt was called Patomit.)
Alt/also, temple of (Ra-)Atum at Heliopolis (Kheper-ka-ra Senusret 1). "Huge quantities of ... stores ... were found in Sesostris' funerary temple" (I Lissner).
"Moses" on the ass in the temple (compare Typhon on ass) was really prophetic for Jesus on donkey colt (which may be type of 144000 (Israel) of Revelation?).
Abraham ~ Uenephes/Semenptah (1st dyn) :
- (famine -> plagues);
Jacob ~ Nynetjer/Necherophes (2nd dyn) :
- (Shechem ~ Shem-Re????, "terror");
Joseph ~ (betw Zoser to) Sneferu (3/4 dyn) :
- (famine Zoser?, bent pyramid, Rahotep, global);
Moses ~ 12th dyn :
- (12 springs, slave workers?, brick buildings, temple Atum, new kdm/dyn/king, giant?, ....)
There is dispute whether the 400 or 430 yrs sojourn of the Hebrews in Gen-Exod was either:
(A) 430 yrs in Egypt alone as in Masoretic text; or
(B) 430 yrs in "Egypt and Canaan" (Septagint), or, 215 yrs (Jacob - Mose) in Egypt, and 215 yrs (Abe - Jose) in Canaan (Josephus, [DSS]).
Perhaps it is possible to adopt a provisional compromise/synthesis of ~300 yrs in Egypt?
Comparing geneaologies, there are more generations between Joshua/Caleb/etc and their tribal patriarch (11) than there are between Levi and Moses/Aaron (2/4).
The Jewish date of 2666 for exode may be related to 666 like massoetic 1656 date for flood?
Some have made a deal/case of 400 yrs of Genesis vs 430 yrs of Exodus, however 400 & 430 are interchangeable (rounding off) as with 40/42 in same system as 10/12, 50/52, 70/72, 100/110/120.
(4 generations to 400 yrs gives a generation of 100 yrs. The 4 generations may be types of 4 world ages?)
(Egypt/Arab: Surid built pyramid 300 yrs before flood (A Tomas).)
(300 yrs reign god-king Horus (Alford).)
350 yrs reign god-king Set (Alford).
350 yrs chaos betw demi-gods dyn & Menes.
400 yrs Messiah (2 Esdras 7:28).
400 yrs between Hyksos king and king of 19th egyptian dynasty (Massey).
400 yrs old Crow "phoenix" of Hor-Apollo (Massey).
420 yrs Noa to Abe.
430/400 yrs abe/jose - mose (exo 12:40, gen 15:13)
430 yrs gap in Sumerian king list that Waddell theorises.
436yrs bef 1st olymp, nilus reign (Massey).
448 yrs 4th dyn Manetho (Clayton);
450 yrs betw Christ and Galahad (E Blyton).
450/400 yrs reign of god-king Osiris (Massey, Alford).
480 yrs moses-solomon (1ki6:1)
490 yrs Daniel - Christ (Dan 9:24).
500 yrs reign god-king Geb (Alford).
511 yrs Hyksos (Josephus/Manetho).
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